America’s animals take more drugs than its people do. About 80 percent of the 51 tons of antibiotics consumed each day in the United States are used in agriculture and aquaculture.
Such unrestrained use of the drugs may help farmers grow bigger cattle, but it has a drastic side effect: It prods bacteria to evolve defenses, so that the drugs don’t work so well when given to people (or fish or animals, for that matter) suffering from bacterial infections. The loss of these drugs as medical weapons is also astoundingly expensive. The current stock’s potential to prolong human life is worth upward of $60 trillion, according to a new report in the New England Journal of Medicine.
And so it is welcome news that the authors of that report also have a novel way to protect this pharmaceutical treasure: Impose a fee on all uses of antibiotics outside of human medicine. Their market-based strategy is worth a try.
Using government regulation alone to end the use of antibiotics to boost animal growth has always been a tricky proposition. The Food and Drug Administration this month asked drug makers to voluntarily relabel agricultural antibiotics so as not to allow it, and by 2017 the agency will require that veterinarians supervise the drugs’ application in livestock. Fully enforcing this new mandate will take careful monitoring. Even then, farmers and their animal doctors still will be able to use antibiotics for the purpose of preventing disease in cows, chickens, fish and so on, rather than to help them grow.
Another strategy, contained in a bill now before Congress, would close the preventive-treatment loophole by gradually banning any use of antibiotics in animals that aren’t already ill or in close contact with infected animals. But this approach, too, would require a fresh army of veterinarians to monitor use. And it would bar some arguably legitimate uses of the drugs — for example, to treat animals at the point when they are entering a feedlot and are vulnerable to infections.
The strategy proposed by the economist Aiden Hollis of the University of Calgary and Ziana Ahmed of the University of Toronto would allow farmers or their veterinarians to make their own decisions about whether any particular use of antibiotics is worth paying the price. That price would include a user fee, assessed at the point of purchase.
Such a fee is analogous to the royalties that timber and petroleum companies pay to use federal lands. In this case, the limited resource is not timber or oil but the effective life span of an antibiotic drug.
Farmers then would have the incentive to use other strategies for promote animal growth — by improving the way the animals are housed or fed, for example — but still would be able to use the drugs when the expense was warranted. Revenue from the user fees could be invested in research and development of new antibiotics.
Keep in mind that drug resistance is a problem for farmers, too; they would benefit as much if not more than the rest of us if antibiotics were used less. And like everyone else, farmers have reason to be concerned at the human toll from antibiotic-resistant infections — more than 2 million cases a year in the U.S., and at least 23,000 deaths. User fees could provide that elusive but necessary incentive to reduce the use of antibiotics on the farm.
Editorial by Bloomberg View
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